Graphic Narratives: Comics and personal stories

 


How do comics lend a unique route to stories (especially those autobiographical or anecdotal ones) in ways novels or non-graphic narrative mediums might struggle to facilitate? Discuss in reference to your own comic-making process and the personal relationship between author and narrative.

Fashion Kitty by Charise Mericle Harper (2006) was my first introduction to comics or any sort of graphic narrative. The plot follows a cat who helps out those in need of fashion advice, and from the get-go, it became one of my favourite books ever. Unlike a novel, I could spend hours looking at the beautiful drawings and envision myself amongst the high-rise buildings, where Kiki Kitty would come to my rescue with the perfect outfit. I don’t think any other medium could've done this story justice; its uniqueness lies in the detailed and colourful drawings of clothes; its ability to engage with the target demographic of children with simple yet engaging language; and its timelessness, so that even 14 years after having read Fashion Kitty, I can still remember its art style, how involved it got mewith diagrams and listsand how it made me, as a young girl, feel seen without having topics like fashion being mutually exclusive to literature. Although not an autobiographical or anecdotal story, the comic medium facilitated Fashion Kitty in a way a non-graphic narrative medium would struggle to, and now, as a comic artist myself, I can appreciate the medium much more and apply its strengths to my comic-making process.

This essay will therefore discuss the unique routes comics lend to stories, especially those autobiographical or anecdotal, in ways novels or other non-graphic narrative mediums might struggle to facilitate. It will do so by referring to comic-specific elements in Marjane Satrapi’s Persepolis that allow autobiography and anecdotal stories to live, express, and represent in ways that cannot be replicated in narrative or prose. It will also do so by referring to my own comic-making techniques and how the medium has allowed me to tell a story that I have otherwise struggled to express via poetry, prose, or narrative structures.

The uniqueness of comics with reference to Persepolis

Over the past couple of decades, graphic novels have gained literary respect and standing with the publication of political, anecdotal, and hard-hitting stories such as Maus by Art Spiegelman, Fun Home by Alison Bechdel, Peep Show! By Joe Matt, and Over Easy by Mimi Pond, to name a few. These autobiographical graphic narratives stand among the sub-genre of the graphic novels that Gillian Whitlock calls "auto-graphics" (Whitlock, 2007). With the promise of autobiographies to self-express, "from its traditional association with narratives about the representative public and famous man unambiguously situated in history to the "memoir boom" of the last few decades, the impetus and logic of the genre has always been the possibility of expressing the self in one’s own terms" (Kohlert, 2019).

In the autographics format, the visual, textual, and spatial elements work together to create sound effects and gestures that give deeper meaning to the narratives being told (Hughes; King; Perkins; and Fuke, 2011). Satrapi’s Persepolis (2004) uses these elements to transcend language by creating visual effects such as a dream sequence on page 196 (Satrapi, 2004). This gives rise to an intricate web of meaning to the narratives being told without explicitly stating their nature. Much like dreams themselves, Satrapi creates a collage of images from past pages over the current Marji, hinting at events in her life that inform her present state. This medium-specific element of showing rather than telling works in favour of Persepolis, as it visually overwhelms the reader without having to spell out the reasons for it. Textually, it covers more ground via illustrations in a singular panel than a narrative medium would by giving descriptions of what Marji ‘saw’ in her dreams. It depicts Marji as a child, hints at her guilt and the promises she made as a teenager, and the heaviness of it all looms over her present selfelements of time, relationships, and histories that can all exist without exhaustive retelling. This autographic element is also relevant for flashback illustrations or when relaying a minor story within the overarching story, such as on page 265. Through the comic medium, therefore, one’s personal story can weave in different timelines, perspectives, and retellings without taking away from the point at hand or diverging from the current storyline.


(Page 196: dream sequence)              (Page 265: telling a story within a story)

Similarly, the argument, "comics literally enable new ways of seeing, new ways of being seen, and new ways of representing the self," (Kohlert, 2019) is in play on page 299 (Satrapi, 2004) depicting a scene where Marji stands up against the administrators who’ve organised a lecture on "moral and religious conduct" and demand that women dress in a less revealing manner. Here the autographic medium enables us as the audience to find new ways of seeing the repressive regime and understanding where Marji’s anger stems from. Additionally, ‘new ways of being seen’ is concocted by Satrapi illustrating herself in a rebellious light, whilst simultaneously ‘being seen’ by others as a revolutionary and representing the self as an outspoken outlier. Thusly autographic elements allow for anecdotal stories to be told from the protagonists’ perspective with hints at the reactions from the world around them. Page 299 (Satrapi, 2004) for example, focuses on Marji but also gives us insight into her peers’ political standings as they respond with "ohhhh"— a subtle indication of agreement or awakening, yet still in contrast to Marji’s forthrightness, which grounds the narrative in favour of her autobiographical storytelling.

(Page 299: outspoken outlier)

 Furthermore, graphic novels, comic books, and sequential art illustrate a shift from the traditional "reading path of the text" and a linear path of "reading the world as told" to the more interactive path of "reading the world as shown" (Hughes; King; Perkins; and Fuke, 2011) Such is evident on page 281 (Satrapi, 2004), where we are presented with a contrast and comparison page of perspectives from Marji in opposition to those of her partner, Reza. This comic-specific element enables multiple routes of reading, making it an interactive activity and diverging from a traditional or linear mode of storytelling. Satrapi hones in on the contrast between her and Reza, choosing to focus on pretty substantial differences between the two in terms of lifestyles, relationships, and expectations. If we "read the world as shown", we can conclude that the two are probably incompatible: Marji’s favourite activity is smoking, while Reza’s is meditating; Marji enjoys socialising and has a large friend group; Reza is more of a loner; the image Marji has of Reza as being a military man is inaccurate, just as Reza’s image of Marji as a good conventional housewife is inaccurate. But when ‘reading the world as told’ from the perspective of the author whose story it is (Satrapi’s), the last panel diverges from the audience’s ‘reading as shown’, with the caption - “In short, we complimented each other”. Although both readings are valid—that of us as the audience almost in the position of an omniscient reader where the eventual breakup is foreshadowed; and that of Marji in the position of retelling the tale from her lived experience—the comic medium allows for the reader to understand the non-linearity of stories and presents several ways to understand anecdotal tales.

(Page 281: comparisons and points of views)

Overall, the above-discussed comic elements—the visual, textual, and spatial working together to create sound effects and gestures, giving deeper meaning to the narratives being told (Hughes; King; Perkins; and Fuke, 2011); enabling new ways of seeing, new ways of being seen, and new ways of representing the self (Kohlert, 2019); as well as shifting from the traditional "reading path of the text" and a linear path of "reading the world as told" to the more interactive path of "reading the world as shown" (Hughes; King; Perkins; and Fuke, 2011)—enhance the anecdotal or autobiographical story.

These components, in my opinion, collaborate to make Satrapi’s story feel truly authentic as if it were an illustrated telling of the human experience. Our lives aren't linear, and our actions are informed by our past experiences. We are the main characters in our lives, and the response from others around us assists in perceiving where we stand—being able to hone in on both seeing the world as told and as shown—making light of humanity and the complex nature of human beings, where we may choose to turn a blind eye to something or can only later reflect on decisions we know we shouldn't have made. Persepolis makes the very hard-hitting tale of a young girl in a war-stricken country while also grappling with her own identity, easy to digest because there is universality in comprehending reactions, expressions, and childhood naiveté. Satrapi uses comic- specific elements to the advantage of her narrative. I not only feel as though I know Satrapi personally now but also that I've endured her struggles alongside her. And isn't that the aim of all storytelling? To resonate with the reader and pull them into your world?

My comic-making process and the relationship between author and narrative

So, how has this informed my comic-making? How can the story I have to tell alleviate in a comic or graphic narrative format? And how can I convey a strong sense of the relationship between me, the author, and my work, Haul of Mood (work in progress)? This project of mine has been on the back burner for quite a while now. I have wanted to express the depth of my emotions and convey my intense feelings towards the everyday mundane. Haul of Mood is therefore an invitation to my emotional world, and for such an endeavour, I have come to realise that the comic format is best suited to it.

For a narrative based on emotions and feelings, my readers need to see the space in which my emotions exist, and it is best suited to drawing these spaces, ensuring it translates in the manner I want it to, rather than having it be prose and left up to interpretation or the reader’s imagination of my world.

Referring back to the visual, textual, and spatial working together to create sound effects and gestures or deeper meaning to the narratives being told (Hughes, King, Perkins, and Fuke. 2011), the drawings of my inner emotional world work conjointly with the objective outer world where these emotions don't physically exist. Spatially, the feelings are within me, and presenting them on the page via illustrations and labelling them with details and arrows pointing to specific feelings, allows for a real envisioning of my inner world.

(Visually, spatially and textually working together to create deeper meaning in narrative: Arrows pointing to specific feelings, allows for a real envisioning of my inner world.

Similarly, equipping and enabling new ways of seeing, new ways of being seen, and new ways of representing myself (Kohlert, 2019) through the comic medium positions my character (me) to be understood from a perspective that is truly internal. In the ‘real’, impartial world around, the noise inside me is what I allow my audience to see. At the beginning of Haul of Mood, I represent myself as being burdened by my emotions—feeling too deeply for my own good. This is followed by representing how I can be seen by others—too neurotic or dramatic—but then concludes with an overarching narrative pertaining to new ways of seeing—a note of acceptance, finding peace in who I am, and celebrating the uniqueness I once felt cursed by.


(New ways of seeing/ being seen and representing self: acceptance, finding peace in who I am, and celebrating the uniqueness I once felt cursed by.)

And finally, shifting from the traditional "reading path of the text" and a linear path of "reading the world as told" to the more interactive path of "reading the world as shown" (Hughes, King, Perkins, and Fuke. 2011) aided in laying out my work in a way I found difficult to do in a narrative or prose medium. Haul of Mood deviates from the traditional reading path of the text as it plays with going back and forth in time—it hints at a troubled birth and then slings you back into the present tense, for example. The non-linear path of reading the world as shown rather than told also helps duplicate and demonstrate the nature of time- where every version of ourselves still exists within, but the physicality of the real body only speaks for the here and now. Telling about my world is different from showing it; for a narrative based on internal feelings, words often don't do justice, whereas drawing items I am attached to, focusing an entire page on a seemingly inconsequential sweetgum seed standing upright, pulls on what some may label ‘bizarre’ sentiments, yet it conveys much more than simply speaking of it.

(Shifting from the traditional "reading path of the text" and a linear path of "reading the world as told" to the more interactive path of "reading the world as shown": hints at a troubled birth and then slings you back into the present tense and a seemingly inconsequential sweetgum seed standing upright, pulls on what some may label ‘bizarre’ sentiments.)

In conclusion, comics lend a unique route to stories, especially those autobiographical or anecdotal, by creating deeper meaning in the narratives told, allowing flexibility in representing the self and how others see the story (and you). Furthermore, by shifting from the traditional to a non-linear path of reading, stories can feel a lot more realistic, even when they speak of an internal world that may not objectively exist externally. These elements work in favour of Marjane Satrapi’s Persepolis and subsequently can be applied to my own comic making to enhance the relationship between my work and me as the author.

Bibliography

Harper, C.M., (2006). Fashion Kitty. Internet Archive. New York: Scholastic.
http://archive.org/details/fashionkitty00

Hughes, J. M., King, A., Perkins, P., & Fuke, V. (2011). Adolescents and "autographics": reading and writing coming-of-age graphic novels: reading and writing graphic novels can be motivating for struggling students and reluctant readers, and can also support development of the multimodal literacy skills needed for school and workplace success in the 21st century. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 54(8), 601+. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A256930510/LitRC?u=anon~8959b67&sid=googleScholar&xid= e1ccf6b9

KØHLERT, F. B. (2019). Introduction: Serial Selves. In Serial Selves: Identity and Representation in Autobiographical Comics (pp. 1–22). Rutgers University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvscxs0t.3

Satrapi, M. (2007). The Complete Persepolis. Random House.

Whitlock, G. (2006). AUTOGRAPHICS: THE SEEING “I” OF THE COMICS. Modern Fiction Studies, 52(4), 965–979. http://www.jstor.org/stable/26286679 

Treasure // Palindrome

 
Treasure

X-marked treasure - home to secrets,
resides underneath.
Beginnings of mystery,
answering prayers.
Unveiling the purpose of me.

Me, of purpose?
The unveiling prayers answering mystery of beginnings
Underneath resides secrets to home
Treasure marked-X. 


* The first stanza of this poem speaks of locating answers to personal identity and purpose, which are rooted in the idea of a ‘home country’. The metaphorical treasure stands in for the lost or buried cultural practices and traditions that’ve been erased by colonisation (of India, my home country). The stanza thus speaks of locating this treasure, in order to achieve a clearer, more concrete understanding of my identity, to feel connected to my roots and to find my purpose.

The second stanza then speaks of my identity, after having located this metaphorical treasure and recognising that my purpose is indeed embedded in my culture and traditional practices. The unearthing of this treasure works to understand that my home country, similar to my understanding of my identity and purpose were never erased, simply buried. And like treasure, are valuable and rich. 

FEMine



FEMine

phantom child, unearthly white
fallen in the midst of worldly cries 
grievous composition bound by dis-ease
inevitable departure

famine of 1890

predictable fault in judgement
arrival of maternal instinct
the shape of a woman
appearing to relieve

plants the kiss of death instead 


* Ekphrastic poem in response to Homeless, 1890, by Thomas Benjamin Kennington

The painting speaks of destitution and impoverishment amongst women and children in 1890s London. It depicts a widow supporting a young boy’s body who is close to death. However, the poem frames the female subject as aiding the boy by relieving him of life, as she plants the ‘kiss of death', upon his forehead. This alternative reading of the painting portrays women, not as nurturing or maternal, as society deems them to be, instead playing the role by performing a mercy killing.

Villanelle : A Stranger's Home


A Stranger's Home

gloomy winter mornings, like a stranger’s home 
quivering, shivering, this heart’s a frosty globe
thumping against my chest, a reminder I’m all alone

no one here to listen to my moans and groan
to hear me complain, despite the scarf around my earlobes
gloomy winter mornings, like a stranger’s home

will it ever simmer down? or will this feeling be forever unknown?
I think, some bourbon right now would be pretty dope...
thumping against my chest, a reminder I’m all alone

looking for a way back, there’s no reception on the phone
failing to locate anyone nearby, perhaps it’s best to lose hope
gloomy winter mornings, like a stranger’s home

this fog, the brisk mist, I feel it in my bones
no one to hold on to, it’s up to me to be able to cope
thumping against my chest, a reminder I’m all alone

such loneliness... in it, must I roam?
to stop and wait? that idea screams nope!
gloomy winter mornings, like a stranger’s home
thumping against my chest, a reminder I’m all alone 

*This villanelle comprises nineteen lines- five stanzas of three lines each and one closing stanza of four lines. It follows an ABA, ABA, ABA, ABA, ABA, ABAA rhyme scheme with line 1 repeating in lines 6, 12, and 18 and line 3 repeating in lines 9, 15, and 19. It speaks of winter, and its tendency to make you feel alone, comparable to being in a stranger’s home, tapping into humour as the protagonist ‘goes mad’ amongst the descending temperature. 

Red



Up close,
she thought about how his hairline made an ‘M’ shape on his larger-than-ideal forehead. He was too young to be losing hair, and it made her think about stupid stuff like genetics and whether their kids would lose their hair that early on. Whether her contrastingly small forehead would mean that they’d create the perfect-sized forehead-ed children. Whether they would grow into their teen years, become conscious of their looks and start to recognise that they were a result of them.

She ran her finger down the bridge of his nose, careful to trace it out as it was, close to the bone, to solidify in her mind, his sculpture. She was cautious of how the rest of her fingers fell on his face, making sure only the pointer sensed the warmth of him. Over the peaks of his eyebrow, his chin and then outlining his face. Never even coming close to acknowledging his lips. That would be weird. That would make it real.

With his eyes closed though, she knew she was granted permission to decipher what made them so pink. It reminded her of an old friend, who’d once told her it was tradition in their culture to wipe babies’ lips with a red cloth. It would stain them pink, make them more beautiful. She thought about how his mother probably didn’t do that, yet he was beautiful. It relayed in her mind the hues of blossoming flowers and the embodiment of love that the Perth sky would paint every dawn. As his mouth parted gently, she felt he knew his lips were on her mind.

The sight of them made her ponder, how even his most mundane actions, so inconsequential, reminded her of home. A slight sigh and it would be as though mimicking a soft breeze, embedded in tunes of Swades and igniting nostalgia within.

Inching infusion of blush, overtaking the outer-most cartilage of his ears and seeping into his cheeks, it confirmed to her that her gaze was more stinging, more apparent than she ought it to be. She felt a voice tug at her own, and with sudden shamelessness, she planted a kiss on his neck. Caught up at the pure sight of him, she had no control over her true instincts, like flinching at the heat of a fire.

Gentle, her lips pressed onto his cold and risen skin. He exhaled at this, and it was louder than his sigh. She raised her eyes to meet his. A deep-sea blue... how cliché.

In that very moment, with a single swift movement, she placed her hand and pressed down on the highest, most prominent, point of his Adam’s apple. Releasing her other side, she forced her entire weight onto her hand around his throat, whilst reaching the other one into the elastic of her waistband.

A short metal instrument, spear-shaped, she jabbed it into his neck. Months in confinement had given her enough time to think about weapons and to shave down the handle of a spoon, sharpening it; tying threads she’d pull out her smock, over the mouth of the spoon, for grip. 

Red is a piece of flash fiction that attempts to shock the reader and have them go “I can never read it like I did the first time”. It employs poetic prose to situate the audience in the protagonist’s mindset and colour to hint at, and bind the past, present and future.